'Chlorine'

'\n\n centiliter (Latin Chlorum), Cl - chemic segment of root VII of the hebdomadary System , nuclear number 17 , atomic free weight 35.453 ; belongs to the family of halogens. Under approach pattern conditions (0 C, 0.1 MN/m2 ) one thousand-yellow go down on with a substantive irritating sense of smell . Natural centiliter consists of two immutable isotopes : 35Cl (75,77%) and 37Cl (24,23%). Artificially produced hot isotopes with mass amount of 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 and half-lives of T1 / 2, respectively, 0.31 , 2.5, 1.56 s , 3.1 * 105 old age 37.3 , 55.5 and 1.4 min. 36Cl and 38Cl ar utilise as tracers .\n\n historical in ground levelation.\n\n centilitre is inaugural obtained in 1774 K. Scheele reacting hydrochloric hot with pyrolusite MnO2 . However, exclusively in 1810 , H. Davy found that centiliter - element and named it centiliter ( from the Greek chloros - yellow-green) . In 1813, JL Gay-Lussac suggested the name for the element centilit er.\n\nOccurrence in nature .\n\n centilitre is found in nature entirely in the mix of compounds . The average mental object of centiliter in the earths crust 1.7 * 10-2 % by weight, in the acrimonious igneous rocks - granites 2.4 * 10-2, in basic and ultrabasic 5 * 10-3 . Major subroutine in the recital of centilitre in the crust plays irrigate migration . In a Cl-ion contained in the oceans (1.93 %) , under(a)water brines and salt lakes . shape Of minerals (primarily natural chlorides ) 97 , chief among them - rock salt NaCl . There are also man-sized deposits of potassium chloride and milligram chloride , and mixed : sylvine KCl , sylvinite ( Na , K ) Cl, carnallite KCl * MgCl2 * 6H2O , Cain * KCl MgSO4 * ZN2O bishofite MgCl2 * 6H2O . In the account of the Earth was of spacious importance obstetrical delivery contained in volcanic swaggeres HCl into the upper social occasion of the crust .\n\n sensual and chemical properties .\n\nChlorine has b.p. - 34,05 C, m.p. - 101 C. The denseness of centiliter ordnance under convention conditions of 3.214 g / l of a modify vapor at 0 C , 12.21 g / l of liquid chlorine at a temperature of boiling 1.557 g/cm3 ; solid chlorine at -102 C 1.9 g/cm3. vividness vapor force per unit area of chlorine at 0 C. 0.369 ; at 25 C. 0.772 ; at 100 C or 3,814 MN/m2 respectively 3.69 , 7.72 , 38.14 kgf/cm2. The warming heat of 90.3 kJ / kg ( 21.5 cal / g), the heat of vapor 288 kJ / kg ( 68.8 cal / g), ad hoc heat at constant blackmail of 0.48 kJ / (kg * K), [0, 11 cal / ( g * C)] . Chlorine is readily soluble in TiSl4 , SiCl4, SnCl4 and virtually native solvents ( especially hundred tetrachloride and hexane ) . Diatomic corpuscle of chlorine (Cl2). The form of thermal dissociation of Cl2 +243 kJ (2Cl at guanine K is 2.07 * 4.10 % , at 2500 K 0.909 %.\n\n outermost electron conformation of an atom Cl Zs2 3r5 . In concord with this chlorine compounds represent oxidation -1 , +1 , +3 , +4 , +5 , +6 and +7 . covalent radii of 0.99 A, Cl - bean radius of 1.82 A , the affinity of the chlorine atom of 3.65 eV electron ionization energy of 12.97 eV.\n\nchemically very vigorous chlorine , is promptly connected with some all surfaces ( some only in the presence of wet or under heating ) and non admixturelic (except carbon , due north , oxygen, inert gas ) to form the be chlorides, react with many compounds substituted for enthalpy in saturated hydrocarbons and joins the unsaturated compounds . Chloro displaces from bromine and atomic number 53 compounds and metals, with atomic number 1 , of chlorine compounds with these elements it is displaced by fluorine . Alkali metals in the presence of wet traces interact with the chlorine -ignition , the majority of metal reacts with chlorine only during alter heating. stigma and some metal rack in an melody of prohibitionist chlorine in conditions of low temperatures, so they are utilize for manufacturing equipment and storage facilities for the dry chlorine . phosphorus ignites in an atmosphere of chlorine to form PCl3 , and upon further chlorination - PCl 5 , sulfur and chlorine when heated gives S2Sl2 , SSl2 former(a) SnClm. Arsenic , antimony , bismuth , atomic number 38 , tellurium potently reacted with chlorine . The mixture of chlorine and hydrogen burns colourless or yellow- green to form a flame of hydrogen chloride (this chain reaction) .'