Historical events Essay

Depending on the political views of a reporter, columnist, author, or news agency, the facts can be reported in a variety of different ways. This can often cause controversy regarding the truth, as different sources report differing things as being true. This is also true when speaking of historical events, as different people will speak differently of different events, depending on their political affiliation and beliefs. By slating the information in a particular way, the reporter can further his or her own political agenda, by making his or her beliefs seem like the right ones. If a person is a conservative politically, it would not make much sense for him or her to report the news in a manner that would support liberalism and vice versa. This is apparent in the way that Fox News and CNN report the news on a daily bases. There are clearly some political biases that distort the fact, in order to best serve the beliefs held by the people at these agencies. In a historical sense, it would not make much sense for a government to re-tell history in a manner that makes it seem tyrannical or even blood thirsty, so based on these political goals, the government can simply choose to leave certain aspects of history out. This makes it possible for them to manipulate public opinion in the manner that best compliments their objectives. An example of how the manner in which a news story is reported can change the entire event is perceived is a recent story that was picked up by both Fox News and CNN. The story was about a tour that President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld embarked on in order to increase support for the war in Iraq. While the exact same speech was covered by both news agencies, the information that was passed on to the public was different in each case. Fox News focused on the positives that had been accomplished in Iraq. It started by giving numbers on how many Iraqi soldiers had been trained to fight insurgents in the region. Rumsfeld was quoted as saying that â€Å"95 battalions, 50,000 of the 212,000 Iraqi force, are trained, equipped and in the fight against insurgents† (Baier). Fox also made a point of mentioning how Iraqi forces were taking an increased role in the stabilization of Iraq and they were well on their way to being able to defend their own country. Fox continued on by including Rumsfeld’s quote that withdrawing troops from Iraq would be counter productive to their anti-terror movement and would â€Å"put the United States ‘at still greater risk’† (Baier). Fox News did not forget to mention how George Bush said that he has a strategy for victory, despite the fact that no specific strategy is discussed. Lastly, Fox News included Rumsfeld’s claim that â€Å"most citizens in Iraq are not supporting their (the insurgents’) cause† (Baier). By comparison, CNN took this story in a completely different direction by adding negative views on the war to its coverage. CNN begins by mentioning that the war is becoming â€Å"increasingly unpopular† (Bush: No Iraq Pullout Without Victory) in the United States. CNN continues on with its unflattering views by saying, â€Å"About 159,000 troops are in Iraq, up from about 138,000 in the summer† (Bush: No Iraq Pullout Without Victory). This shows how unsuccessful the Bush administration has been at accomplishing its goal of getting the troops out of Iraq. The CNN articles also reminds the reader that the war began under the assumption that Iraq was in possession of weapons of mass destruction and that despite this claim, no weapons had been found in the country. This is something that the government would desperately like the people to forget, but CNN will not let them. CNN also gives figures on the death toll of American troops in Iraq. This is another soft spot, as those who oppose the war often bring up the fact that many American soldiers have died fighting in a war that has no point. A quick mention is also given of anti-war demonstrators that showed up while Bush was speaking. Fox made no mention of this because it is very anti-Bush. Finally, CNN’s coverage of this story included the opinions of Senator Jack Reed, who is a Democrat from Rhode Island. His opinions are anti-Bush, due to his political affiliation. Reed comments add to the negative picture this article paints of Bush. These two articles cover the exact same thing, but they are obviously spun in very different directions. While some of the same quotes are used in both stories, they are not used in the same manner. Due to their conservative viewpoints, which coincide with the Republican Party’s viewpoints, Fox News focuses on the positives that are coming out of Iraq. Since Fox News is seen as a supporter of the Bush administration, it will slant its stories to paint Bush and his associated in a positive manner. Fox also does not include any opposing statements or differing points of view in its article, which gives the reader the impression that what they are reporting is the only opinion of this subject matter. CNN, on the other hand, is better at exploring both sides of the story. This article is more centerist than anything else, as it presents both sides of the story, although perhaps not equally. CNN says a lot of negative things about the war in Iraq, due to its liberal ideology, but it also does include what Rumsfeld said about certain things. CNN’s coverage does not follow one particular political ideology but can rather be interpreted as anti-conservative which, in turn, makes it anti-Bush. Seeing as how a story that quotes both Bush and Rumsfeld would only give one political view, CNN brought in the help of a Democratic Senator, in order to give a differing ideology on the matter. Both of these networks take the events that occurred, and organize them in a manner that will appeal to their viewers the most, even though both of them leave things out and include outside resources that contribute to their goals. This trend, however, has led to the public becoming â€Å"increasingly cynical toward the news media, as reflected in the slumping credibility ratings for many outlets. More generally, a majority of Americans (53%) agree with the statement ‘I often don’t trust what news organizations are saying. ’ And while 43% disagree with that statement, just 9% completely disagree with it† (Attitudes Toward the News: News Audiences Increasingly Politicized). A historical event that that has been changed due to a particular political ideology is the happenings surrounding the Nicaraguan election of 1990. The American government had the ideology that the Sandinistas, who were in power in Nicaragua, were not good for American interests in the region. It was reported in the New York Times just after the election that this was a long overdue victory for the opposition party, as American political ideals did not agree with the Socialist regime in Nicaragua. David Shipler wrote, It is true that partly because of the confrontation with the U. S. , Nicaragua’s economy suffered terribly, setting the stage for the widespread public discontent with the Sandinistas reflected in Sunday’s balloting. But few governments become moderate during a war; the contra war strengthened Sandinista hard-liners and probably contributed to their oppressive policies. The way to resolution opened only when Congress suspended the war, in effect, to give the Sandinistas a chance to proceed democratically. . . . Thus, Nicaragua’s election has vindicated Washington’s fledgling program of providing public, above-board funding to help democratic procedures take root in countries with authoritarian regimes. (A. 27) Due to the slant that the American government wanted to put on this situation, they only released certain information to the general public, which gave the public a favorable opinion of how the situation was handled. The American government portrayed Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega as a vicious man who tormented his people for years and only lost the his power when he agreed to a democratic election. In reality, however, Ortega won an election in 1984 by quite a wide margin and had been making strides in Nicaragua, until a group of U. S. backed militants began a war with him and his troops. This is the dominant ideology as well. During this time period, the United States was able to use the fact that the Sandinistas are a left wing party, as the Communist Party in the Soviet Union was, in order to gain support for their actions in Nicaragua. The American government to this day continues to tell the people of the United States that U. S. policy aims to continue supporting the consolidation of the democratic process initiated in Nicaragua with the 1990 election of President Chamorro. The United States has promoted national reconciliation, encouraging Nicaraguans to resolve their problems through dialogue and compromise. It recognizes as legitimate all political forces that abide by the democratic process and eschew violence. U. S. assistance is focused on strengthening democratic institutions, stimulating sustainable economic growth, and supporting the health and basic education sectors. (Background Note: Nicaragua) A differing political view, however, is held by Noam Chomsky. He has reported much different happenings in Nicaragua, due to his political angle being much different than the American government’s and the New York Times’. He has reported that â€Å"Nicaragua was†¦exceptional in the strength of that government’s commitment†¦to improving the condition of the people and encouraging their active participation in the development process† (Chomsky 42) which makes the United States’ goal of keeping the Sandinistas out of power seem odd. The real reason why the American government did not want to have the Sandinistas in power was that they believed in distributing wealth evenly among its population. They had a steal from the rich and give to the poor-type of mentality. This goes against the capitalist society that the United States prides itself on. The American government saw that socialism had the potential to work in Nicaragua and was worried about what kind of message that would send to the rest of the world. As it turns out, reports Chomsky, the American government funded the insurgents that caused so many problems for the Nicaraguan government while they were in power. They were provided with American weapons and resources, in order to make the people of Nicaragua believe that the government was not in control of things, in order to make them vote for someone one. None of these things were reported very regularly in American newspapers because of political views and they have changed the way this entire situation has been viewed in history. Throughout history, politics have played a huge role in the way news is reported. The political ideologies held by an individual or agency can impact the story that the public hears. Many times, different agencies will report on the exact same story, but with different results. Other times, the real story does not make it to the mainstream media, but rather comes out later in books and journals. These political views change the way things are reported and also the way things are remembered in the future. It is entirely possible to have your entire memory of an event molded by the network you switched to in order to watch the coverage. Past, present, and future events have all been manipulated by media and this trend will continue because there will always be political bias. Because of this, it is important to get news from as many sources as possible, and make an educated decision on what the real truth is.

Literary Foils Of Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen

â€Å"Distinguished by her sisters†: Literary Foils in Pride and Prejudice The bicycle, the tin can, the steam locomotive, exercise, and the Bennet sisters; all of these were creations that came from Regency England. All of these things have had a lasting effect on modern day society. While the Bennet sisters seem the least important, the story of their lives provides modern society with insight into how the upper class in Regency England lived. The Bennet sisters themselves are an eclectic group of girls; each one has her own distinct personality. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the minor characters: Mary, Lydia, and Kitty, serve as literary foils to glorify the good traits of the major characters: Jane and Lizzy. Of the five Bennet sisters, three of them get engaged/married throughout the book. Of those three, Jane and Lizzy have happy, loving marriages. The other marriage, Lydia’s marriage, was forced due to her scandalous relationship. Jane was ecstatic to be engaged and was truly in love with her fiancà ©: â€Å"Oh! Lizzy, why am I thus singled from my family, and blessed above them all! If I could but see you as happy! If there were but such another man for you†(Austen 300). Jane, and later on Lizzy, got engaged to a wealthy upper class man who she truly loved. Lydia’s relationship did not begin as joyfully as her sisters’. Lizzy demonstrated the issues of the marriage perfectly: â€Å"How Wickham and Lydia were to be supported in tolerable independence, she could notShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1115 Words   |  5 Pageseach one has her own distinct personality. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the minor characters: Mary, Lydia, a nd Kitty, serve as literary foils to glorify the good traits of the major characters: Jane and Lizzy. Of the five Bennet sisters, three of them get engaged/married throughout the book. Of those three, Jane and Lizzy have happy, loving marriages. The other marriage, Lydia’s marriage, was forced due to her scandalous relationship. Jane was ecstatic to be engaged and was truly in loveRead MoreThe Character of Lady Catherine de Bourgh In Pride and Prejudice1175 Words   |  5 Pages Although typically overlooked by the inattentive reader, the minor character can serve a myriad of literary roles from adding to the overall story elements to distinguishing the character’s impact on the plot. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, minor characters play a paramount role in advancing the plot, reinforcing Austens tone, and uniquely contributing to the work as a whole. Surprisingly, the impact of a certain minor character upon the work is illuminated as well as expatiatedRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesown distinct personali ty unlike the others. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen the minor characters: Mary, Lydia, and Kitty, serve as literary foils to glorify the good traits of the major characters: Jane, and Lizzy. Of the five Bennet sisters, three of them get engaged/married throughout the book. Of those three Jane and Lizzy have happy, loving marriages, the other marriage, Lydia’s marriage, was forced due to her scandalous relationship. Jane was ecstatic to be engaged and was truly in loveRead MoreNervousness in the 19th Century1283 Words   |  6 Pagesaccording to Dr. George M. Beard, â€Å"strictly deficiency or lack of nerve-force† (American Nervousness, vi) in the 19th century. Nervousness at the time, was commonly acknowledged and accepted, so much so that it was written into literature, such as many of Jane Austen’s works. Many doctors considered nervousness to be a â€Å"woman’s disease† meaning that women were the most afflicted by this condition. Doctors of the 19th century have found excuses to restrict, restrain, objectify and metaphorically and literallyRead MoreMiss Mary Bennet, By Jane D. Austen1177 Words   |  5 Pagesone in the family, [ who] worked hard for knowledge and accomplishments,† (Austen 11) provides her readers with another perspective of the female sphere. Even at the Netherfield Ball, young Mary occupies herself at the piano, connecting rarely with others, and even more rarely dancing with a gentleman (Austen 48). Unlike her sisters, Mary Bennet has no preferences on males; â€Å"what are men compared to rocks and mountains† (Austen 73). Her devotions in her youth are centered in accomplishments, such as

I Am Proud Of What I Didn t Know About Poetry And Story...

When I started this class, I didn’t know much about poetry and story let alone creating my own. My relation with writing was mostly limited to science labs and research papers. Thursdays turn in were a challenge because I had to come up with a topic to write poems or stories. Today, I am proud of what I have accomplished. I was able to compose poems and stories that touched the readers’ heart. I have learned to enjoy writing and take it as a medium to express myself and share my stories. I was usually a reader but now I can write too. As I was growing up, my family moved to lots of different places inside Nepal. I didn’t have a permanent place that I could call my home. I liked traveling but, I felt I wasn’t living fully since I had to move once in every three or four years. As I reflect back to my childhood, I don’t remember writing stories and poem. I used to make up stories with my siblings, though. My parents were busy with their work, so we had to find a way to entertain ourselves. We used to come up with interesting naming games, but none of us were writers and we never thought of playing writing games. Writing doesn’t come naturally to me. I have to spend lots of time to come up with a topic and extra time to think of words that would go with my topic. For my Thursday turn in, I used to stay up late working on my poems or stories. However, I have learned to enjoy the process. After I am done writing, I feel proud of what I have put into my paper. Among allShow MoreRelatedDepression : A Complex Mental Health Complication4939 Words   |  20 Pagescontent. This article is about my personal struggle with depression and how I managed to fight my way out of it. Everything written below is offered as an example to follow for others who struggle with low self-confidence, grief and hopelessness. I believe that what I have to say will show other s how they can change their way of looking at the world and other people so that they can start living for themselves. If you knew me, you would know my story. You would know my life and my struggle to freedomRead MoreThe boy in the stripped pajamas Full TEXT35455 Words   |  142 Pagesextraordinary book that made me feel increasingly chilled TES The new The Curious Incident of the Dog In The Night ­ Time? Heat Successful fiction captures the imagination, it allows us to live lives that are extraordinary to us. The story of Bruno and Shmuel within The Boy In The Striped Pyjamas does exactly that, through it we gain a fresh and new perspec ­ tive on the Holocaust ... it is a novel whose ending remains with readers long after the pages are finished, it is a novel thatRead MoreCarl Roger Transcript44281 Words   |  178 PagesTranscripts of Carl Rogers Therapy Sessions Edited by Barbara T. Brodley and Germain Lietaer Volume 12 Year Page Gloria Filmed Interview 1965 2 Sylvia 4th Interview (Filmed) 1975 21 Commentary interspersed throughout Sylvia 5th Interview (Filmed) 1975 39 Commentary interspersed throughout Kathy Filmed Interview 1975 53 Commentary 67 Dione 1st Filmed Interview 1977 68 Commentary interspersed throughout Dione 2nd Filmed Interview 1977 1977

Leadership Styles From The Point Of View - 1465 Words

The articles under analysis explore leadership styles from the point of view of their relation to gender (Merchant, 2012) and personality (Yahaya et al., 2011). Merchant (2012) provides a valuable research, which is focused on gender as the major determinant of leadership styles in individuals. Providing an analysis of literature, Merchant (2012) indicates that â€Å"many studies analyzing the intersection of gender and influence tactics have resulted in mixed finding† (p. 24). It proves the argument that gender stereotypes play a major role in attributing particular roles for females and males on the basis of their biological sex and what is expected of them. Whereas Merchant (2012) does not present a particular argument on the topic, the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Male managers tend to employ influence tactics such as personal appeal, consultation, assertiveness, and inspirational appeal, female managers use consultation, inspirational appeal, and ingratiation more with other female employees and exchange tactics more with male employees,† Merchant, (2012). I happened to work under both female and male leadership, and I should admit that the difference between them is not evident – everything depends on personality, and dissimilarities in influence tactics are attributed â€Å"to situational circumstances such as individual setting† (Merchant, 2012, p. 26). Personal Leadership Style My leadership style is both Participative and Democratic, and it is influenced by the three variables – gender, personality, and age. â€Å"Democratic Leader makes the final decision, only after receiving the input and recommendations of all team members,† (Goetsch, 2002). I focus on getting to the bottom of the problem by working through it. As a leader, I wouldn’t be concern with who likes me or who thinks I’m being too hard on the employees. My goal is to motivate employees and to see their potential. â€Å"Employees can be motivated by the potential to improve their job satisfaction,† Goetsch (2012). I’m a people person, and I can get along with pretty much any person and that’s how a leader should feel as well. Effect of Gender Though gender is a contradictory variable in affecting

The hand that rocks the boardroom cannot rock the cradle free essay sample

The hand that rocks the cradle can rock the boardroom. After being raised by a mother who? s time has been mostly spent working and trying to run a business, it is definite for me that a working mother can not expect to be good mother. Comparing my working mother? s job as a mother to my friend? s mothers who spend all of their time and energy focused on raising their child, makes it crystal clear that the characteristics needed to be a good mother, at least from my point of view, are not completed by my mother. It is just out of the question, either you do one thing properly or the other. Mothers can’t expect to have to completely different jobs that require their complete attention and excel at both. Either they do one thing or the other. In order to be a salient mother, attention or just the simple act of being present throughout their children? s day is very necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on The hand that rocks the boardroom cannot rock the cradle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For most hard-working mothers, babysitters, or in some cases day care, are their sweet escape from having to deal with their children; what they don’t know is that the more they depend on the babysitters to meet their children? s need for attention, the more distant they grow from their children. Since having a job or running a business draws most of a mother? s attention, it is impossible for her to think that she is doing a good job as a mother. All of this attention is being given by the babysitter, therefore making her play the role of a mother in the child? s life and creating a vast distance between the child and the mother. It is most important for a mother to be present in her son or daughter? s life physically as crucial as it is for her to be there mentally. It is frustrating for any child to lack the presence od a mother in their life. The nanny or the babysitter fills in this gap, but it still doesn’t suffice for the huge abyss. Simple things like taking their kids to soccer, or assisting their school reunions are not most likely to be done by a busy woman. These things are mildly important because they build a sufficient amount of confidence between the mother and child and make their bond stronger. As motherhood is affected by working, working is also affected by motherhood. Mothers claim to say that they can multitask, but is this true? For most mothers, their kids mean everything to them which means that they think sufficiently about them. This is a clear impediment for efficient work and is proved to be true. How can a mother expect to be good at her job when she is thinking about her kids the entire time? Mothers have the trait of being very precarious, and leaving their precious kids to the care of someone else who will probably not take as good care of them would only amplify that. The fact that a mother is a mother doesn’t mean that she is her child slave o that she has to devote her entire life to him or her, it is more about the small and unnecessary details that a devoted mother shows that not only make her a mother, but a true friend.

Report Essays - Chemistry, Catalysis, Peroxides, Hydrogen Peroxide

Enzymes: Catalase in the Liver and How it Reacts When Exposed to Hydrogen Peroxide Rainy M. Williams Jmeah Clark Saint Augustine's University Key Words Substrates Products Enzymes Catalase Hydrogen Peroxide Denaturalization Optimum Range Abstract All organisms rely on enzymes to catalyze a chemical reaction. An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the level of activation energy that is necessary for the reaction to begin. Without enzymes, all chemical reactions necessary for life would proceed very slowly and would require more energy. If a substance (hydrogen peroxide) is added to an enzyme (catalase found in the liver), the reaction will speed up by bringing the reactants ( in this case, the substrates) within close proximity and facilitating their interaction when undergoing the reaction. The liver contains a specific enzyme called catalase.When hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added to the liver, the reaction is catalyzed due to the catalase, causing a chemical reaction to occur (essentially detoxifying the cells containing hydrogen peroxide), creating the products of water and oxygen. Introduction A substance that speeds up a reaction - without being a reactant - is called a catalyst. Catalysts used for biochemical reactions are known as enzymes, which are generally proteins. When enzymes are present in a reaction, the enzyme lowers the level of activation energy which is necessary for the reaction to begin. Enzymes work by binding reactant molecules and holding them in such a way that chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming can occur more readily. In order to catalyze a reaction, the enzyme will "grab" one or more reactant molecules to undergo the reaction. These reactants are called substrates, as they need the facilitation of an enzyme to complete the reaction. The part of the enzyme in which the substrates bind to the enzyme is the active site. The active site is the area in which the catabolic action occurs.The set of amino acids found in the active site as well as the 3D space give the enzyme its specific shape, size, and chemical behavior. An enzyme's active site is uniquely suited to bind to only one substrate in order to undergo the reaction ( Khanacademy.com). Once the enzyme and substrate combine, the enzyme quickly breaks down the substrate. The enzyme, however, is not consumed during this reaction, meaning the enzymes are reuseable. The substrate in this lab is hydrogen peroxide, a toxin found in the cells of all living organisms. Catalase, the enzyme for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), accelerates the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into the products of oxygen and water. The chemical equation for this reaction is: 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 The main objective of this lab was to determine how a piece of liver - which contains the enzyme catalase - would react when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (the substrate) in different food items and temperatures. If hydrogen peroxide is added to different food items such as an apple or potato, only a moderate reaction rate will occur compared to the rate of the raw liver. The food item is the independent variable of this lab, thus meaning the food item being tested -raw liver, apple, or potato - will be able to manipulate the outcome of the dependent variable which is the reaction rate. Part two of this lab was to determine the rate of reaction when the catalase was exposed to the hydrogen peroxide in differing temperatures of H2O2 (ice water (0c), room temperature (21c), warm water (37c), and boiled liver). If the liver was placed in each of these temperatures, the liver would have a greater rate of reaction when exposed to 37c hydrogen peroxide, as this is the body's natural tempera ture. By examining the chemical reactions produced when the liver was exposed to the hydrogen peroxide, an accurate analysis of the presence of enzymes as well as their reaction rates in each sample may be gained. Methods Part one of this lab was conducted in order to see if the potato or apple had catalase in them. Before the lab was conducted, materials needed to be gathered. We needed 3 test tubes,a test tube rack, a clean stirring rod, 50 mL of hydrogen peroxide in a small clean beaker, forceps, a piece of liver, a slice

Chronology of the Ancestral Anasazi Pueblo People

Chronology of the Ancestral Anasazi Pueblo People The Anasazi (Ancestral Pueblo) chronology was broadly defined in 1927 by southwestern archaeologist Alfred V. Kidder, during one of the Pecos Conferences, the annual conference of southwestern archaeologists. This chronology is still used today, with minor changes within different subregions. Key Takeaways Anasazi has been renamed to Ancestral PuebloLocated in the Four Corners region of the U.S. southwest (intersection of the states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah)  Heyday between 750 and 1300 CEMajor settlements in Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde   Archaeological remains of what archaeologists call the Ancestral Pueblo are found on the southern Colorado Plateau, the northern parts of the Rio Grande Valley and the mountainous Mogollon Rim in Colorado, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. A Name Change The term Anasazi is no longer in use by the archaeological community; scholars now call it the Ancestral Pueblo. That was in part at the request of modern pueblo people who are the descendants of the people who populated the American Southwest / Mexican Northwest- the Anasazi did not in any way disappear. In addition, after a hundred years of research, the concept of what was Anasazi had changed. It must be recalled that, like the Maya people, the Ancestral Pueblo people shared a lifestyle, cultural material, economics, and a religious and political system, they were never a unified state. Early Origins Cutaway illustrations of pre-pueblo pithouses, built by the Ancestral Pueblo people of Colorado. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images People have lived in the Four Corners region for some 10,000 years; the earliest period associated with the beginnings of what would become Ancestral Pueblo is in the late archaic period. Southwestern Late Archaic (1500 BCE–200 CE): marks the end of the Archaic period (which started at around 5500 BCE). The Late Archaic in the Southwest is when the first appearance of domesticated plants in the American Southwest (Atl Atl Cave, Chaco Canyon)Basketmaker II (200–500 CE): People relied more on cultivated plants, such as maize, beans, and squash and began to construct pithouse villages. The end of this period saw the first appearance of pottery.Basketmaker III (500–750 CE): more sophisticated pottery, first great kivas are constructed, the introduction of bow and arrow in hunting (Shabikeshchee village, Chaco Canyon) Pithouse to Pueblo Transition Visitors walk through the ruins of a massive stone complex (Pueblo Bonito) at Chaco Culture National Historical Park in Northwestern New Mexico. The communal stone buildings were built between the mid-800s and 1100 AD by Ancient Pueblo Peoples (Anasazi) whose descendants are modern Southwest Indians. Robert Alexander / Archive Photos / Getty Images One important signal of development in Ancestral Pueblo groups occurred when above ground structures were built as residences. Subterranean and semi-subterranean pithouses were still being built, but they were typically used as kivas, meeting places for political and religious events. Pueblo I (750–900 CE): residential structures are built above ground, and masonry is added to the adobe constructions. In Chaco Canyon villages are now moving from the cliff tops to the bottom of the canyon. Settlements at Mesa Verde begin as large sedentary villages built into the cliffs with hundreds of residents; but by the 800s, the people living at Mesa Verde apparently leave and move to Chaco Canyon.Early Pueblo II- Bonito phase at Chaco Canyon (900–1000): increase in the number of villages. First multi-storied rooms constructed at Pueblo Bonito, Peà ±asco Blanco, and Una Vida in Chaco Canyon. Chaco becomes a socio-political center, where some individuals and groups hold a great deal of power, seen by architecture requiring organized labor, rich and unusual burials, and large scale flows of timber into the canyon.Pueblo II- Classic Bonito phase in Chaco Canyon (1000–1150): a period of major development in Chaco Canyon. Great house sites, such as Pueblo Bon ito, Peà ±asco Blanco, Pueblo del Arroyo, Pueblo Alto, Chetro Ketl reach now their final form. Irrigation and road systems are constructed. Decline of Chaco A trail leads visitors to Spruce Tree House ruins in Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, built between 1211 and 1278 CE. Robert Alexander/Archive Photos/Getty Images Pueblo III (1150–1300):Late Bonito phase in Chaco Canyon (1150–1220): population decline, no more elaborated constructions in the main centers.Mesa Verde phase in Chaco Canyon (1220–1300): Mesa Verde materials are found in Chaco Canyon. This has been interpreted as a period of increased contact between Chacoan and Mesa Verde pueblo groups. By 1300, Chaco Canyon definitely declined  and then was abandoned.Pueblo IV and Pueblo V (1300–1600 and 1600–present): Chaco Canyon is abandoned, but other Ancestral Pueblo sites continue  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹to be occupied for few centuries. By 1500 Navajo groups entered the region and established themselves until the Spanish takeover. Selected Sources Adler, Michael A. The Prehistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1150-1350. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016.Cordell, Linda. Archaeology of the Southwest, Second Edition. Academic Press, 1997Crabtree, Stefani A. Inferring Ancestral Pueblo Social Networks from Simulation in the Central Mesa Verde. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22.1 (2015): 144–81. Print.Crown, Patricia L., and W. H. Wills. The Complex History of Pueblo Bonito and Its Interpretation. Antiquity 92.364 (2018): 890–904. Print.Schachner, Gregson. Ancestral Pueblo Archaeology: The Value of Synthesis. Journal of Archaeological Research 23.1 (2015): 49–113. Print.Snead, James E. Burning the Corn: Subsistence and Destruction in Ancestral Pueblo Conflict. The Archaeology of Food and Warfare: Food Insecurity in Prehistory. Eds. VanDerwarker, Amber M. and Gregory D. Wilson. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. 133–48. Print.Vivian, R. Gwinn, and Bruce Hilpert. The Chaco Handbook. A n Encyclopedic Guide. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2002 Ware, John. Kinship and Community in the Northern Southwest: Chaco and Beyond. American Antiquity 83.4 (2018): 639–58. Print.